上周末开始看《Lua程序设计》第二版,目前体会到其中比较有趣的有两点,一是强大的table数据结构,另外就是coroutine。也许Lua中的coroutine是一种很好的设计模式,但我初步的体会还是没想到其他语言和场合能非常适合用到coroutine的场景。
一、简介
协同程序与线程差不多,也就是一条执行序列,拥有自己独立的栈,局部变量和指令指针,同时又与其它协同程序共享全局变量和其它大部分东西。线程与协同程序的主要区别在于,一个具有多线程的程序可以同时运行几个线程,而协同程序却需要彼此协作地运行。就是说,一个具有多个协同程序的程序在任何时刻只能运行一个协同程序,并且正在运行的协同程序只会在其显示地挂起时,它的执行才会暂停。
如:
co = coroutine.create(function () for i=1,10 do print("co", i) coroutine.yield() end end)
从主线程调用
coroutine.resume(co)
会依次打印1到10
二、原理探析
- coroutine创建的所谓的“线程”都不是真正的操作系统的线程,实际上是通过保存stack状态来模拟的。
- 由于是假的线程,所以切换线程的开销极小,同时创建线程也是轻量级的,new_thread只是在内存新建了一个stack用于存放新coroutine的变量,也称作lua_State
LUA_API lua_State *lua_newthread (lua_State *L)
- 调用yield()当前线程交出控制权,同时还可以通过stack返回参数。调用resume的线程(可理解为主线程)获得返回的参数。
- Lua yield()和Java中的Thread.yield()有点相似,但是区别更大。Java中的yield调用后只是将当前CPU切换到另外一个线程,CPU可能随时会继续回到线程执行。
- 我更倾向于把Lua中的yield()和resume()和Java中的wait()和notify()来对比。它们表现的行为基本一致。
- 关于stack实现也可参看Yufeng(Erlang高手)的分析文章 lua coroutine是如何实现的?
三、Why coroutine?
上面对coroutine有个基本的了解,因此大家都会象我一样去想,为什么要用coroutine?先研究下优点
- 每个coroutine有自己私有的stack及局部变量。
- 同一时间只有一个coroutine在执行,无需对全局变量加锁。
- 顺序可控,完全由程序控制执行的顺序。而通常的多线程一旦启动,它的运行时序是没法预测的,因此通常会给测试所有的情况带来困难。所以能用coroutine解决的场合应当优先使用coroutine。
再看缺点,研究coroutine缺点之前,我寻找了一下Lua中为什么实现coroutine的一些说明。在巴西人写的paper Coroutines in Lua(pdf)中解释了几个原因:
- Lua是ANSI C实现的,ANSI C并不包含thread的实现,因此如果要在Lua增加thread的支持就要使用操作系统本地的实现,这样会造成通用的问题。同时也会使Lua变得臃肿。因此Lua选择了在ANSI C上实现的coroutine。
- Lua主要设计目的之一是给C调用,如果Lua内部又有多线程实现的话会造成C调用状态的混乱,而只提供coroutine层面的挂起则可以保持状态的一致性。
以上这些理由都是基于Lua特殊的原因而使用的,并不是很通用的原因。我们也了解到,coroutine实际上是一种古老的设计模式,它在60年代就已经定型,但是现代语言很少有重视这个特性,目前可以举例的有Windows的fibers, Python的generators
四、Lua coroutine和Erlang
上面优点有1条没展开,就是每个coroutine有自己私有的stack及内存变量空间。因此可以认为coroutine和Erlang中的process是非常相似的。但是coroutine只能同时只有一个在执行,如果能让他多个同时跑,我觉得就和Erlang非常相似了。
《Lua程序设计》第二版30.2介绍的一种实现方法,让多个c threads启动,然后每个c thread启动一个coroutine(类似Erlang process),然后通过stack传递变量值(类似Erlang process message),这样就可以实现一个类似Erlang的process模型了。由于coroutine实际上可以用任何语言实现,那其他语言应该也可实现同样这种设计方法。
五、Lua其他
Lua目前主要用在游戏编程领域,通常的观点Lua是“胶水语言”。用来把各个模块化的功能粘合起来。就我目前阅读的一些代码来看,C和Lua通常是混合在一起的,并没有明确的边界。对于我一个外行的眼光看来我分不清哪些是在做C的事情,哪些是在调用Lua。特别是这个“胶水”如果放得太多,系统中各个模块的独立性将会受到影响。比如云风的这篇Lua 不是 C++也提到,“这属于过厚的粘合层,是绝对需要抛弃的”。
另外Code@Pig一篇[网游设计] 一点感想也提到要简化调用,我总结它的观点主要两点:
- 不要存在冗余的关系,给一个部分负责管理就好。(由Lua/python来管理)
- 粘合层(Lua/python接口)不要过胖,我们可以通过引入一个“间接层”来把粘合层做“薄”
虽然Lua的高效和精简的设计让人赞誉有加,但是它的性能排名并不高,和Python大致在同一个级别。另外“胶水语言”的定位也妨碍了它在更多领域的发展。
Hi Tim,
With 32-bit lua-5.1.4 cygwin compiled I’m getting on my machine:
elapsed time: 29.72
but with 32-bit luajit (www.luajit.org) I’m getting:
elapsed time: 7.06
Cheers!
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我觉得协程最大的应用是取代回调机制,当需要异步执行的时候,启动一个协程,然后当前协程挂起去处理其他事务。异步结果完成后再继续执行,看上去是阻塞但实际上不会影响其他应用,另外一个作用是实现复杂跌代器。
其实古老的、普及的VB就有coroutine的变种,而且应用的还很广泛。
我觉得这个和python的twisted框架很像,应该算是一种异步框架。
我觉得你说的都是别人的东西,确没有自己的理解。
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