后端技术 by Tim Yang

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
kernel.sysrq = 0
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
kernel.msgmnb = 65536
kernel.msgmax = 65536
kernel.shmmax = 68719476736
kernel.shmall = 4294967296
kernel.panic = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 8192	873800	8738000
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096	655360	6553600
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024	65000
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216

worker_processes  1;
worker_rlimit_nofile 10240;
events {
    worker_connections  10240;
}
http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    sendfile        on;
    keepalive_timeout  0;
    server {
        listen       8080;
        server_name  localhost;
        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }
          location /hello {
            ngx_hello_module;
            hello 1234;
        }

        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }
}

public class HttpServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        SocketAcceptor acceptor = new NioSocketAcceptor(4);
        acceptor.setReuseAddress( true );

		int port = 8080;
		String hostname = null;
		if (args.length > 1) {
			hostname = args[0];
			port = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
		}

        // Bind
        acceptor.setHandler(new HttpProtocolHandler());
        if (hostname != null)
        	acceptor.bind(new InetSocketAddress(hostname, port));
        else
        	acceptor.bind(new InetSocketAddress(port));

        System.out.println("Listening on port " + port);
        Thread.currentThread().join();
    }
}

public class HttpProtocolHandler extends IoHandlerAdapter {
    public void sessionCreated(IoSession session) {
        session.getConfig().setIdleTime(IdleStatus.BOTH_IDLE, 10);
        session.setAttribute(SslFilter.USE_NOTIFICATION);
    }

    public void sessionClosed(IoSession session) throws Exception {}
    public void sessionOpened(IoSession session) throws Exception {}
    public void sessionIdle(IoSession session, IdleStatus status) {}
    public void exceptionCaught(IoSession session, Throwable cause) {
        session.close(true);
    }

    static IoBuffer RESULT = null;
	public static String HTTP_200 = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: 13\r\n\r\n" +
			"hello world\r\n";
	static {
    	RESULT = IoBuffer.allocate(32).setAutoExpand(true);
    	RESULT.put(HTTP_200.getBytes());
    	RESULT.flip();
    }
    public void messageReceived(IoSession session, Object message)
            throws Exception {
        if (message instanceof IoBuffer) {
        	IoBuffer buf = (IoBuffer) message;
        	int c = buf.get();
        	if (c == 'G' || c == 'g') {
        		session.write(RESULT.duplicate());
        	}
        	session.close(false);
        }
    }
}

package main
import (
   "http";
    "io";
)
func HelloServer(c *http.Conn, req *http.Request) {
    io.WriteString(c, "hello, world!\n");
}
func main() {
     runtime.GOMAXPROCS(8); // 8 cores
     http.Handle("/", http.HandlerFunc(HelloServer));
     err := http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil);
    if err != nil {
        panic("ListenAndServe: ", err.String())
    }
}

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124 Comments  »

1. yufeng

   09-11-11 22:41

   erlang的没启用jit会慢很多 差不多是你测试的数据。
2. NetSnail

   09-11-11 23:39

   试试最新的go 的http server呢？
   godoc里就有一个…
3. yufeng

   09-11-12 00:37

   erlang版本的在我的测试里 延时非常小 大概是几十ms. 我觉得这个测试的瓶颈在网卡 因为网卡每秒要中断100K次
4. dennis

   09-11-12 00:46

   进一步验证了这个讨论
   http://www.javaeye.com/topic/107476?page=1

   是否添加更大并发下的测试结果？
5. Tim

   09-11-12 09:22

   @yufeng 用了taskset -c 1-7, 就是专门释放CPU0来处理网卡中断
6. Stewart Mackenzie

   09-11-12 13:51

   If possible try redo the test on, 10 + cores.
7. Tim

   09-11-12 14:58

   @Stewart, i don’t have spare server with 10+ cores, and i think 8 core is enough, the bottleneck may not on CPU
8. yufeng

   09-11-12 16:18

   go的futex竞争太厉害了

   accept(3, {sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(55263), inet_pton(AF_INET6, “::ffff:192.168.235.142″, &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=0, sin6_scope_id=0}, [28]) = 8
   futex(0x3f41d4, FUTEX_WAIT, 3, {1073741824, 0}) = 0
   futex(0x80ca8ac, FUTEX_WAKE, 1) = 1
   fcntl(8, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) = 0
   futex(0x3f41d4, FUTEX_WAIT, 3, {1073741824, 0}) = 0
   futex(0x80ca8ac, FUTEX_WAKE, 1) = 1
   fcntl(8, F_GETFL) = 0x2 (flags O_RDWR)
   futex(0x3f41d4, FUTEX_WAIT, 3, {1073741824, 0}) = 0
   futex(0x80ca8ac, FUTEX_WAKE, 1) = 1
   fcntl(8, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0
   futex(0x3f41d4, FUTEX_WAIT, 3, {1073741824, 0}) = 0
   futex(0x80ca8ac, FUTEX_WAKE, 1) = 1
   setsockopt(8, SOL_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, [1], 4) = 0
   futex(0x3f41d4, FUTEX_WAIT, 3, {1073741824, 0}) = 0
   futex(0x80ca8ac, FUTEX_WAKE, 1) = 1

   futex(0x3f41d4, FUTEX_WAIT, 3, {1073741824, 0}) = 0
   read(8, “GET / HTTP/1.0\r\nUser-Agent: Apac”…, 4096) = 95
   write(8, “HTTP/1.0 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: t”…, 73) = 73
   fcntl(8, F_GETFL) = 0x802 (flags O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK)
   fcntl(8, F_SETFL, O_RDWR) = 0
   close(8) = 0
9. yufeng

   09-11-12 16:37

   从系统调用和源码的实现中 看出go的goroutine的实现是 在os的线程跑 线程间通过 mutex保护的队列 来调度 goroutine.

   // Go scheduler |./src/pkg/runtime/#proc.c#:19:// The go scheduler’s job is to match ready-to-run goroutines (`g’s)
   // |./src/pkg/runtime/#proc.c#:128: // If main·init_function started other goroutines,
   // The go scheduler’s job is to match ready-to-run goroutines (`g’s) |./src/pkg/runtime/#proc.c#:151: printf(“\ngoroutine %d:\n”, g->goid);
   // with waiting-for-work schedulers (`m’s). If there are ready gs |./src/pkg/runtime/#proc.c#:279:// new goroutines.
   // and no waiting ms, ready() will start a new m running in a new |./src/pkg/runtime/#proc.c#:299:// Get the next goroutine that m should run.
   // OS thread, so that all ready gs can run simultaneously, up to a limit. |./src/pkg/runtime/#proc.c#:341: throw(“all goroutines are asleep – deadlock!”);
   // For now, ms never go away. |./src/pkg/runtime/#proc.c#:353: throw(“bad m->nextg in nextgoroutine”);
   // |./src/pkg/runtime/#proc.c#:411:// start looking for goroutines shortly.
   // By default, Go keeps only one kernel thread (m) running user code |./src/pkg/runtime/#proc.c#:522:// The goroutine g is about to enter a system call.
   // at a single time; other threads may be blocked in the operating system. |./src/pkg/runtime/#proc.c#:553:// The goroutine g exited its system call.
   // Setting the environment variable $GOMAXPROCS or calling |./src/pkg/sort/sort.go:10:// sorted by the routines in this package. The methods require that the
   // runtime.GOMAXPROCS() will change the number of user threads |Binary file ./src/pkg/sort/8.out matches
   // allowed to execute simultaneously. $GOMAXPROCS is thus an |./src/pkg/strconv/atof_test.go:96: // The atof routines return NumErrors wrapping
   // approximation of the maximum number of cores to use.
10. yufeng

    09-11-12 17:15

    另外上面的测试 nginx 和erlang都做完整的http报文分析，这个需要时间哦。
11. Joshua Zhu

    09-11-12 17:38

    Hi Tim,

    Could you show us your nginx.conf for this benchmark? I think it’s a little bit unfair to nginx if you turned the CPU affinity switch (worker_cpu_affinity) off while other applications turned it on. Probably more tuning options could be used, I guess, such as deferred accept, accept_mutex, etc. BTW, it seems that your Java version server didn’t parse HTTP requests at all?
12. yufeng

    09-11-12 18:21

    go没用到epoll事件派遣 还是accept read write close这样的串行化。
13. Tim

    09-11-12 20:10

    changed nginx.conf worker_connections 10240;
    from 1024, nginx runs better under 5,000 threads
    Data already updated.
14. Andrew

    09-11-12 20:36

    Hi Tim,

    Could you test Go by compiling with gccgo? It’d be interesting to see the results with a better optimising compiler. 6g was build for speed for compilation so doesn’t optimise as well AFAIK.

    Thanks
15. Stewart Mackenzie

    09-11-12 20:47

    ah sorry I glanced and saw quad-core, not the expected dual quad-core
16. Tim

    09-11-12 21:41

    @Andrew from official Go FAQ, use gccgo is not encouraged,
    “… Gccgo is a GCC front-end that can, with care, be linked with GCC-compiled C or C++ programs. However, because Go is garbage-collected it will be unwise to do so, at least naively. “,

    and from go/src/doc/gccgo_install.html

    Some Go features are not yet implemented in gccgo. As of 2009-11-06, the following are not implemented:
    * Garbage collection is not implemented. There is no way to free memory. Thus long running programs are not supported.
    * goroutines are implemented as NPTL threads with a fixed stack size. The number of goroutines that may be created at one time is limited.

    Without GC and goroutines, I think The test for gccgo doesn’t make sense, few people will build their project on gccgo.
17. Alex Sterling

    09-11-12 21:53

    So does this show that the Go language is very scalable? Can it be tested to the point where Go begins to drop?
18. Tim

    09-11-12 22:39

    @Alex
    FYI, Go test,
    8,000 threads, 5632.55
    10,000 threads, 5105.55
19. jay

    09-11-12 23:43

    You need to run java with -server, right?
20. Java

    09-11-12 23:48

    This test is far from fair. The Java code does not parse the incoming requests at all. It checks if the request starts with a “G” and simply writes the response. A language comparison should be done on a much lower level without layers and layers of library code involved.
21. Mark

    09-11-13 00:35

    How is your system tuned? As in how long are your connections in time_wait, what are your ephemeral port settings? These all contribute to potential performance issues.
22. Chris Double

    09-11-13 06:11

    How many cores was the Go example using? Did you try enabling the goroutines to be multiplexed across multiple cores?

    You can use the GOMAXPROCS environment variable or see GOMAXPROCS in the runtime package. For an example of runtime usage see:

    test/bench/spectral-norm-parallel.go
23. Tim

    09-11-13 10:02

    @jay, on amd64/x86_64, The default Java VM is server.
    @Java, yes, java doesn’t parse HTTP, i will add parse code if possible.
    @mark please see the new sysctl -p configuration in the post
    @Chris thanks, runtime.GOMAXPROCS(nCPU); does make sense, the change is significant, already update go’s data.
24. Joshua Zhu

    09-11-13 10:40

    It would be interesting if the numbers of CPU and memory consumption during the benchmark could be shown
25. yufeng

    09-11-13 11:12

    to Chris Double: Go goroutine scheduler GOMAXPROCS

    The go scheduler’s job is to match ready-to-run goroutines (`g’s)
    If main·init_function started other goroutines, The go scheduler’s job is to match ready-to-run goroutines (`g’s) with waiting-for-work schedulers (`m’s). If there are ready gs and no waiting ms, ready() will start a new m running in a new OS thread, so that all ready gs can run simultaneously, up to a limit.

    For now, ms never go away.

    the limit is GOMAXPROCS. so It helps only when system full load.
26. yufeng

    09-11-13 11:13

    GO 的那个还可以用 lockosthread来绑定cpu亲缘性
27. Hugo

    09-11-13 12:55

    Maybe add a full functional Java powered web server test is more convincing, eg: Jetty http://www.mortbay.org/jetty/ + a HelloWorld Handler/Servlet
28. Koala Yeung

    09-11-13 14:04

    测试 Go 的话，应该用 gccgo 而不是用 6g 来 compile

    6g / 8g 是用来测试 Go 码的可用性
    gccgo 才是用来 compile 实用程序的 compiler
29. Koala Yeung

    09-11-13 14:14

    还有，可以用 goroutine 吗？
    这比较能试到 Go 的主功能 concurrency 有多有效
30. kyon

    09-11-14 00:19

    先生、謝謝。
    I introcuce your very cool benchmark in my Japanese site.
    Thank you!
31. Carfield Yim

    09-11-17 00:30

    Any people know why at 1000 threads, Erlang(Multi-Core) is faster than java, a little bit; but in 5000 threads, java win a little bit again??
32. Tim

    09-11-17 09:35

    Carfield, please ingore the deviation if it is < 3%, if you run an independent test several times, every time you get different result but always < 3%, we can think they have same performance.
33. yufeng

    09-11-17 21:00

    to Koala Yeung：
    go的测试用到了epoll和goroutine.
34. yufeng

    09-11-17 21:02

    to Koala Yeung:
    gccgo的goroutine还是thread实现 和6g的轻量级线程差很多。 gccgo还很不完善，目前能用的还是6g 6l系列。
35. yufeng

    09-11-17 21:26

    to Carfield Yim：
    due to erlang fair process scheduler, the cost and latency increase when >5000 threads. In this situation, enable hipe helps much.
36. Dong

    09-11-18 03:04

    It would be great to see the same test done in an open load model, i.e. performance at certain arrival rates not current clients. A good tool for such a test is Tsung http://tsung.erlang-projects.org/

    It is also good to list the underlying IO libs each of the implementations uses.

    Another good Java candidate to be compared is Grizzly https://grizzly.dev.java.net/
    You can easily get a hello world server by modifying the code at http://weblogs.java.net/blog/jfarcand/archive/2008/07/extending_the_g.html
37. Tim

    09-11-19 09:51

    @yufeng there is no difference after enable hipe in my environment, with
    erlc +native +”{hipe, [o3]}” ehttpd.erl
    100, 5000 下比较过，测试结果基本上一样。
38. Trustin Lee

    09-11-23 23:46

    I’d like to suggest to use Netty 3 instead of MINA 2 for Java, since it is known to perform better, and more actively maintained: http://www.jboss.org/netty/

    You will also find some information about Netty’s HTTP performance in the ‘Testimonials’ and ‘Performance’ page.

    There’s a simple HTTP server example in the ‘Documentation’ page, so it should not be very difficult to write a hello world web server quickly. Please feel free to contact me if you have any problem.
39. Tim

    09-11-24 21:51

    Trustin, thanks for the information, already replaced Mina with Netty in this test. Please update the page for the latest result.
40. Joshua Zhu

    09-11-25 10:19

    Cool, now the numbers are more reasonable
    Oh, forget to mention, nginx is a full-featured HTTP server, so it will send out more headers than some other servers above, e.g.:
    $ curl -i http://localhost/
    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    Server: nginx/0.7.63
    Date: Wed, 25 Nov 2009 02:07:56 GMT
    Content-Type: text/html
    Content-Length: 13
    Connection: keep-alive

    Hello, world
41. Trustin Lee

    09-12-09 13:47

    Thanks for the update and the number looks pretty nice!

    By the way, in “3. Notes”, “* Java runs better on small connections, but the code in this test doesn’t parse the HTTP request header.” now seems invalid? Also, I would replace the MINA source code from the page with the full Netty code since the test result has been replaced.
42. Angel

    09-12-23 19:57

    on erlanh -h 99999 seems overkill. A far lower value can is better as every process does very little porcessing so no much heap is used.

    You hit GC when the process dies son you are GCing 99999 that a lot of memory and is mainly unused.

    Try normal setup o a very low value as a 512 or 1024.
43. D

    09-12-24 13:38

    What you are testing? Socket performance? It’s roughly the same.

    There is no point in such type of tests. Write normal dynamic application (just wondering how you’ll do it with pure nginx ) and compare everything – development time, support, load, …

    All languages will be very close printing “Hello, World”:
    printf(“Hello, World”);
    print “Hello, World”
    or
    Console.WriteLine(“Hello, World”);
44. Tim

    09-12-24 14:16

    To D:
    Every http connection in this test has its own session, the program maintains all sessions and concurrent logic, not just “Socket performance”, after adding a little session state or logic code, it will become a real business server.

    if you compare these results with a Ruby/PHP… there will be different, and if your own server need to handle 5,000+ concurrent connection, this test may informative for you.
45. D

    09-12-24 14:37

    To Tim:

    May be. Sorry, I haven’t checked the source code.

    But still not sure in this type of tests. I mean, I can’t see how useful they can be for someone who wants to create next Google. Very different languages can give you success: Facebook chat uses Erlang, Twitter was using Ruby, StackOverflow is written in C#, Google is using Python, eBay uses Java, …
46. Lev

    10-01-26 19:03

    why not compare a pure cpp project called ‘poco’ too, it also provide a net framework and http server sample as http://pocoproject.org/wiki/index.php/Tutorialftpclient
47. tclwp

    10-02-24 16:35

    maybe these files can help scale the GO language performance, but i know fea about the GO, so i am not sure.

    /usr/src/linux-2.6.30/robust-futexes.txt
    rt-mutex.txt
    pi-futex.txt
    robust-futex-ABI.txt
48. vromanov

    10-04-19 13:30

    You get very strange results for NGINX. I write custom module for nginx with some business logic (3 select to TimesTen DB). I use for tests HP Proliant BL460c G1
    blade with 2 4 core CPU
    /proc/cpuinfo
    model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5345 @ 2.33GHz
    stepping : 8
    cpu MHz : 2327.203
    cache size : 4096 KB
    I get ~ 80 000 request per second at ab -c 100.

    #uname -a
    Linux timesten1.testik.com 2.6.18-92.el5 #1 SMP Tue Apr 29 13:16:15 EDT 2008 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
49. Tim

    10-04-19 14:29

    vromanov,

    did you use the ab -k (keepalive) option? I think it is hard to reach 80k rps without -k.
50. vromanov

    10-04-19 14:40

    yes! I use -k
    This is my string
    ab -k -c 100 -n 20000000 “${URL}” >> ${LOG}